Roll Call M. A. I, Paper USA from July 25 to August 22, 2005 with Students Profile

Kindly note:
The statement given below is the final draft for submission.

Any student, who has to say anything about the contents of the statement, he is welcome to raise his point in the class or place his comment in “comment” section at the end of the posting by pressing “Comment” shown in green.

Those who desire some of the details in their profile shall be deleted, they kindly let me know at the earliest.

Those who have not provided their details, they kindly do it at the earliest.

Roll Call M. A. I, Paper USA from July 25 to August 22, 2005 with Students Profile (Final Draft to be submitted before August 31, 2005)
Roll no.	Name	Attnds.	Medium	BA%History%	Future Plan	Last College	Add. Qual.
1701	Name	20	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1702	Vishal Sharma	20	Hindi	55%57%	UGC; B Ed.	Govt Ranbir College Dhuri	Nil
1703	Mandeep Bali	20	Hindi	55%50%	B. Ed	DAV College Phillaur	Not Available
1704	Name	0	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1705	Name	0	Not Available	Not Avaiable	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1706	Dharamjeet Singh Garewal	20	Punjabi	00%73%	B. Ed	G. N. College Narangwal	Not Available
1707	Harneet Singh	20	English	68% 75%	UGC	SDC Govt College Ludhiana	Nil
1708	Amar Partap Singh Gill	20	English	68%61%	Journalist in Canada	SDC Govt College Ludhiana	Nil
1709	Name	5	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1710	Jagbir Mehta	20	Punjabi	55%58%	Not Available	G. N. N. College Doraha	Not Available
1711	Rajneesh Sharma	20	Punjabi	54%56%	Not Available	G. N. N. College Doraha	Not Available
1712	Name	17	Not Available	Not Avaiable	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1713	Sapandeep Kaur	20	Punjabi	57%63%	Not Available	SGG Janta College Raikot	Not Available
1714	Shikha	20	English	56%62%	To Continue Study	GN Khalsa College For Women, Gujar Khan Campus Ludhiana	Computers and NTT
1715	Name	5	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1716	Name	11	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1717	Name	17	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1718	Name	17	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1719	Urmandeep Singh	8	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1720	Narinderpal Kaur	15	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1721	Amritpal	16	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1722	Name	6	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1723	Name	0	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1724	Name	1	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1725	Sikander Singh	5	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1726	Name	14	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1727	Ranjit Singh	20	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1728	Name	7	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1729	Raj Kumar	20	Hindi	57%50%	U.P.S.C. Competition (C. S. )	Arya College Ludhiana	Basic Computer
1730	Name	20	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1731	Name	medical Leave	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1732	Name	0	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1733	Gurpartap Singh	20	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1734	Name	20	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1735	Gurminder Singh	20	Punjabi	57%68%(Hons. Pol Sci.)	U.G.C.; B. Ed	SDC Govt College Ludhiana/Arya College Ludhiana(M.A. Pol Sci)	Not Available
1736	Name	20	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1737	Name	12	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1738	Anish Ablish	20	Hindi	60%62%	Business Shop	G. N. N. College Doraha	None
1739	Name	5	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1740	Hardeep Singh	20	Punjabi	48%50%	B. Ed	SCD Govt College Ludhiana	Not Available
1741	Name	20	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1742	Name	5	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1743	Name	0	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1744	Gurpreet Singh	8	Punjabi	59%59%	B. Ed	Arya College Ludhiana	Not Available
1745	Harpreet Singh	10	English	46%47%	Competition	G.G.N. Khalsa College Ludhiana	Music
1746	Name	16	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1747	Name	6	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1748	Name	17	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1749	Name	20	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1750	Sukhminder Singh	18	Not Available	47%47%	Not Available	Business Shop	SCD Govt College Ludhiana
1751	Name	17	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1752	Name	15	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1753	Name	0	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1754	Name	0	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1755	Name	5	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1756	Inderpal Sidhu	20	Punjabi	49%71%	M.A. Pbi	Arya College Ludhiana	Basic Computer
1757	Name	18	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1758	Name	0	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1759	Gurjeet Singh	7	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1760	Name	12	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1761	Gurpreet Singh	18	Punjabi	56%53%	M. Ed.	G.G.N. Khalsa College Ludhiana	M.A. Pbi
1762	Gursharan	18	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1763	Gursharan Singh	20	Punjabi	57%56%	U.G.C.; B. Ed	SCD Govt College Ludhiana	M.A. Pbi
1764	Name	0	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1765	Name	0	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1766	Name	0	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1767	Name	8	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1768	Name	0	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1769	Balwant	9	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1770	Gurpreet Singh	18	Not Available	NotAvailable	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1771	Name	0	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1772	Name	10	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1773	Name	5	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1774	Name	20	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1775	Name	5	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1776	Name	0	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1777	Name	13	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1778	Name	0	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1779	Name	0	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1780	Name	20	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1781	Name	16	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1782	Manpreet Kaur	15	Punjabi	51%50%	M. A. Pbi	G. Khalsa College Gurusar Sudhar	Not Available
1783	Name	0	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1784	Name	20	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1785	Gopal Sharma	18	Hindi	00%56%	M.A. Pbi	Arya College Ludhiana	Nil
1786	Name	20	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1787	Tejinder	20	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1788	Name	5	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1789	Name	0	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1790	Name	5	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1791	Bhawana Sharma	16	English	52%55%	B. Ed	Private	Basic Computer
1792	Name	0	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1793	Name	1	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1794	Bhupinder Sigh	10	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1795	Name	6	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1796	Name	11	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1797	Name	3	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1798	Name	1	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1799	Name	7	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1800	Nirbhai	7	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available
1801	Satnam	7	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available	Not Available

Lay out of a Term Paper

The lay out of the term paper may be in following order.



Page 1 or Set 1



This shall be the Title Page.


Here, Write the name of the term paper. It may be a question, or a heading. Remember, Term paper is a type of a minor research paper.


The heading shall be followed by the name of the student along with his/her name and Roll no of class.


It shall also be mentioned that it is undertaken for Department of Post Graduate Studies in History, Arya College, Ludhiana.


It shall also contain the name of the teacher to whom it is present.


___
The following suggestive lay out may explain it.


COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CIVIL SERVICES HISTORY PAPER II MAINS AND PAPERS TAUGHT AT ARYA COLLEGE LUDHIANA


Present By: Name and Roll no.


Add Here any picture or Graphics related your Term if there is any.


For: Department of Post Graduate History, Arya College, Ludhiana during the session 2005-2006 for the Paper USA or Social and Cultural History from 1750 to 1950



Presented to: Sumir Sharma
_
__


It may break over whole sheet as follows omitting grids.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CIVIL SERVICES HISTORY PAPER II MAINS AND PAPERS TAUGHT AT ARYA COLLEGE LUDHIANA

Present By: Name and Roll no.

Add Here any picture or Graphics related your Term if there is any.

For: Department of Post Graduate History, Arya College, Ludhiana during the session 2005-2006 for the Paper USA or Social and Cultural History from 1750 to 1950

Presented to: Sumir Sharma

इस प्रकर पहला पन्ना बनेगा ।



यह किताब के पहले पन्ने की तरह होगा ।


_____
Page 2 or Set 2

Term Paper is a minor research paper. You must point out the hypothesis or motive or aim of the term paper on this page.

Being a Term paper in History, You must specify the sources which you intend to use. However, there is no need to specify the details here.

You must also define the methodology which you would adopt to write the paper. It may be that you will check the libraries, or archives, or go for interviews or use internet. Here you can also emphasize if you are going for generalized descriptions or statistical conclusion depending upon the nature of the term paper. You can also suggest the model here which may be used to write the contents and the conclusion.

The contents of this page should be very brief. It should end in giving assertive statements only on the aims, sources to be used and methodology to be adopted.

____


Page 3 or Set 3

Here you shall write the actual term paper. The contents shall be written here.

However, there should be a word limit. The minimum word limit which is generally expected is 1000 words or three to four pages and maximum word limit is 3000 words which may spread over 12 to 14 pages.

While writing, it is desired that the contents should be written in double space. The font shall be 11.

However, if you are writing in your own handwriting, if then write in double space. There should be one line spacing between every line.

सन्क्षेप में यहा मूल बात लिखनी है ।
___

Page 4 or Set 4.

Here you will write the conclusion. It shall not be more than one page.

यहा निषकर्ष आएगा ।

___
Page 5 or Set 5

Here you will write the sources used. It is generally in form of Bibliography, the library/archive used, links of sites which are used for accessing information or details etc.

If the interviews are the part of the methodology, then you will write the name of the people whom you have interviewed, the time and place of interview, and the form (audio, visual or written notes) in which the interview is preserved with you.

Here you may also given acknowledgement to such peoples who may have helped in writing your term papers.

____

Page 6 or Set 6

It shall contain a single page.

It is a certificate page.

You will give the following statement.


I , (Your name and roll no.), certify that this is my original work.

Signature(Name in Capital Letters)
Date.

Certificate by the Teacher:

I Sumir Sharma certify that it is an original work undertaken under my supervision.


(Sumir Sharma)


Marks:

_____

Additional Instructions:

You must put all the papers in a good file cover. It may be a good transparent or opaque file cover. Ensure that paper may not come out of it.


You can also go for a spiral binding which hardly costs Rs. 20. The best place is near PAU shops which undertakes such jobs in a good manner.

It is desired that you must deposit three copies of the term paper. One copy will go to university. The college may retain another copy if they desire. One copy, I may like to retain. However, it is not compulsory. You must submit at least one copy.

M. A. I USA Roll Call Statement up to August 13, 2005.

Find here the lecture statement counted up to August 13, 2005.

Students may note that there are “2” marks for the lecture attendance.

The lectures are counted against the 15 lectures delievered by Sumir Sharma for History of USA during second period in room no 39 from July 2005 up to August 13, 2005.

This is a draft statetment. If any student has any objection, then kindly meet during the period in the class room or place your objection in "comments" given at the end of this posting below.

Roll Call Statement from July 25 to August 13
Roll no	Name	Lectures attended
1701	name	15
1702	name	15
1703	name	15
1704	name	0
1705	name	0
1706	name	15
1707	name	15
1708	name	15
1709	name	5
1710	name	14
1711	name	14
1712	name	9
1713	name	15
1714	name	14
1715	name	5
1716	name	6
1717	name	12
1718	name	12
1719	name	1
1720	name	9
1721	name	10
1722	name	6
1723	name	0
1724	name	1
1725	name	0
1726	name	10
1727	name	14
1728	name	7
1729	name	14
1730	name	13
1731	name	medical Leave
1732	name	0
1733	name	15
1734	name	13
1735	name	15
1736	name	13
1737	name	6
1738	name	14
1739	name	0
1740	name	15
1741	name	14
1742	name	0
1743	name	0
1744	name	8
1745	name	10
1746	name	8
1747	name	6
1748	name	14
1749	name	15
1750	name	14
1751	name	14
1752	name	9
1753	name	0
1754	name	0
1755	name	0
1756	name	14
1757	name	12
1758	name	0
1759	name	0
1760	name	6
1761	name	14
1762	name	14
1763	name	15
1764	name	0
1765	name	0
1766	name	0
1767	name	8
1768	name	0
1769	name	6
1770	name	12
1771	name	0
1772	name	10
1773	name	0
1774	name	14
1775	name	0
1776	name	0
1777	name	13
1778	name	0
1779	name	0
1780	name	15
1781	name	9
1782	name	10
1783	name	0
1784	name	15
1785	name	10
1786	name	15
1787	name	15
1788	name	0
1789	name	0
1790	name	0
1791	name	11
1792	name	0
1793	name	0
1794	name	0
1795	name	6
1796	name	8
1797	name	3
1798	name	1
1799	name	7
1800	name	0

Congratulations to Raman

I congratulate Raman for obtaining 61% in M. A. I.

May God Bless you with more success.

If you are visiting here, then I would like that you should also develop your own blog.

sumir sharma.

Sufism and Bhaktism in India

At the following posting titled Sufism in India, there is a good article on Sufism in India. All the basic features and tenets are rightly described. The major four orders (silsilas) are rightly mentioned.


It further describes the relation with Bhaktism.


It has right described the Advitya Advaitvada of Ramanuja which forms the core and the basic tenet of Bhaktism in India. Ramanuja and seventeen major saints of Bhakti based their basic theory on Advitya Advaitvada or qualified dualism. The soul of man has a separate existence and also it is part of the Paramatma or the Supreme soul. Ramanuja had stressed upon the path of total Bhakti as the right part to the seek salvation for joining back with the Supreme Soul. However, the final decision of joining with the Supreme Soul rests with the Supreme Soul. This was the main message of Bhaktism which fulfilled the social needs of the time. Ramanuja had not denied the path knowledge as suggested by Shankaracharya. Shankaracharya had identified the soul with the Supreme soul. But Ramanuja had identified the separate existence of the soul of man apart from being the part of the Supreme Soul. This was the basic difference. The second major difference was that Shankaracharya supported the path of Knowledge and intuition with the grace of Supreme soul as path for final salvation. However, Ramanuja had full faith in Bhakti Marga and the grace of Supreme soul as the surety of salvation. Such a doctrine was right answer to unsettled political condition of the time, the upheaval of social setup and disruptive economic situation which prevailed between 1000 A. D. to 1500 A. D.



Guru Nanak and Vallabharcharya added next dimension to the Bhakti Marg by giving the doctrine of Guruship and grace of Guru as the surety of salvation.


The write up, suggested above in the link, has well described the main features of Sufism and its relation with Bhaktism. There is slight shortcoming in form of lack of historic explanation. It is mere elaboration. However, on whole, the write up can help in preparing part B, of Paper I History for Mains. This question has been asked in short answers compulsory question. If anyone has prepared his note on Bhaktism in India, he will definitely find it refreshing and source of substantiating his notes.


The students of UGC NET History should include it in most important notes for the subjective paper.


The other good sources on writing short notes on Bhaktism and Sufism is Guru Nanak and His Times by J. S. Garewal. There is complete note on it which may not require any improvement. The second good source is Rizvi’s Wonder That War India. However, the major authority is definitely Habibullah.


Do read the suggestive link and give comments.

USEFUL TOOLS

Getting the right information in the less possible time is highly desired and wished by all of us.


Writing and revision can be more effective if you know that there is assistance at hand which can help you to improve the contents and counter check the facts as being presented by you.


The above mentioned needs and which is my aim of developing my blogs for my own study as well as for my students in my college where I teach, I feel like sharing the following two resources. I have been using one of the resource for correcting my answer to GS papers of 2005 and used it to give more details on the questions which I will soon post on this blog.


The Fist Resource:
It is a new search engine which I have found different from other search engines. No doubt, my preferred search engine is still Google and second in preference is Yahoo which seems to have improved in last six to seven months.

The search Engine is Brain Boost.

The Seconde Resource:
The second important is a web site which can be used as a source. My source is actually CIA world Fact books. There are many questions on foreign countries in recent GS paper. I was in the process of collecting material when Siddharta Tripathi identified my mistakes. Hence, it required immediate attention and counter confirmation. I depended on this every source which I have mentioned. However, the web site which I am now suggesting claims to use three different sources. I have placed an article on my other blog about it. However, I give links to both these things below.

A. The Web Site: the open link is as follows: www.theodora.com/wfb

B. My article: Resource on Facts No.1



An Apology:
I am not able to post regularly because of disruptive and erratic electric supply. One really wonders that what will happen if our country does not improve the infrastructure. One should not rue the brain drain if such a scenario continue. One should not blame those who leave the country. I feel amused when I find sensex crossing 7000 on BSE and 2150 on NSE and claims of having 6.7 GDP this time.

New addition:
www.sumirhindimain.blogspot.com

However, it has nothing to with competitive examinations. It is on trial basis. The aim is to use Hindi language as a means of communication in this media. If you are not able to read it then kindly place a comment in comment box. I will be using Hindi language extensively for communicating with my students. The next language which I will practice in the meantime is Punjabi. I am ready with the Fonts and now I am practicing its type and improving my spellings and vocabulary.

First Master Archive 2005

It is a detailed list of postings as they appear in chronological order. No classification has been done. Open each link on separate browser and maintain this page. It will be updated as new posting will appear on this blog.


1

M. A. I Punjab History>>>

Contains merely a last year university paper. An incomplete posting.
Dated February 25, 2005
2

UGC Website>>>

Contains a link to UGC web site. Dated 26/2/2005
3

Was Middle Ages a Dark Age>>>

A reference to an article already published at educationforum.ipbhost.com. Basically a reference to a previous article placed on other web site. Also an idea for a term paper for the students. Dated 26/2/2005
4

Colonization in United States of America>>>

A reference to an article already published at educationforum.ipbhost.com. Basically a reference to a previous article placed on other web site. Also an idea for a term paper for the students. Dated 27/02/2005
5

Question Bank based on Last Years Question Papers, History of USA>>>

A bank based on university annual question papers of Punjab University Chandigarh Syllabus. It is categorized as per the contents of the topics of the syllabi of 2004. Dated 3/04/2005
6

History of Punjab for M. A. II>>>

A reference and link to another blog reviewviewanalysis.com wherein an analysis under the heading Reviewer’s Reading is being carried on for the book "A short History of Akalis by J. S. Garewal. Dated March 9, 2005
7

Term Papers>>>

A suggestion for term papers with two suggestions and forward links. Dated March 9, 2005
8

Model Test Paper, April 2005>>>

A suggested model of question Paper. A Guess work for the students of History of USA. Dated March 14, 2005
9

Internal Assessment of M. A. I Student of Arya College for session ending March 2005>>>

A matter concerned with the student of 2004/2005 session. Another blog contains such issues and no further such posts appear on it. Dated April 11, 2005
10

State in Medieval India>>>

An annual paper of Punjab University for M. A. I session 2004/2005. Dated 26/04/2005
11

China and Japan>>>

An annual Paper of Punjab University session 2004/2005. Dated May 6, 2004
12

Social and Cultural History of India>>>

An annual Paper of Punjab University. Dated 07/05/2005
13

History of USA Annual Paper>>>

An annual paper of history of USA of Punjab University session 2004/2005. It contains comments on the paper. Dated 09/05/2005
14

An Essay on Origin of America>>>

A personal essay on the origin of America. It is basically part of the notes which have been prepared earlier. A section has been plucked out of the notes and presented here as an essay. The same essay has been placed on sumir-histoy.blogspot.com with a different heading. It is a good article for term paper. Dated June 13, 2005
15

First Master Archive 2005>>>

Detailed list of postings as they appear in chronological order. Dated June 14, 2005.
16

USEFUL TOOLS>>>

A General essay on one search engine and two other website which can be used for getting further information.
17

Sufism and Bhaktism in India>>>

A good essay on the main features of Bhaktism in India. It has reference to another blog which contains details on Sufism in India in the corresponding period.

An Essay on Origin of America : A Comment

The story of birth of America starts with the discovery of America by Columbus.

---

Check the related news item here.

It is difficult to sermonize that Columbus ever knew that what actually he was doing. The discovery of American continent, the coming of Columbus to the American continent were all the result of some other forces, thoughts and game plans. In that game plan, no where it was imagined that a country by the name of America was to be built. The game plans were different. It was the desire to find a route to the East India. The need and force were the desire to acquire the products of East which were needed by Europe. Some other forces impeded the route, the traditional route. The European world had fought those forces in the name of religion. But the motivation factor behind the urge to find the route was economical. It was the urge of the people to earn profit and fulfill the mundane needs which was prompting them to find the route to East. It is difficult to discern anywhere that even Columbus had such a plan as establishing habitable areas on the way. His plan was only to find the route to the east so that he might become useful in getting the importance because he knew the route. He was trying for this even before Vasco could have set off to find the route to India by encircling Africa.

I believe that even Columbus was not a serious player. He was a mariner. His job was to sail the ships. He was without a job. He was seeking a job and he was telling people that there could be a route by moving towards west. He was seeking opportunity. It was while exploiting that opportunity that he found the American continents. What Spain was getting out of it? It was just a matter of chance that they came across some civilizations on the continent which could be overpowered and it was the greed of the European world which was satisfied there. Where was the need to find colonies on American continents? If there was no need to find the colonies in America, then the very creation of the world of America seems to be the result as a byproduct of the meaningless human endeavours which had brought fruits.

Now let us take up some concepts and facts which came up before habitation on American land was founded. Nowhere, the idea of America was there.

Concept of North West Passage:

North West Passage is sea route which joins Pacific Ocean with Atlantic Ocean passing through north of Alaska. This route was first tried by John Cabot in 1490s sea expedition while making efforts to find route to China and India. It was John Franklin who was able to trace the route to some distance between 1845 and 1854 but disappeared before reaching China. It was Roald Amunsden, Norwegian who joined a Belgian expedition, who traversed the real North West passage in 1903-1906. Finally in 1969, US Oil Tanker, Manhattan successfully used this passage. The main problem of using this passage is the ice boulders and failure of the compass to work being on the pole.

Hudson:

River Hudson is named after the English navigator Henry Hudson (1565-1611). It was Giovanni da Verrazano, an Italian sailor and pirate from a place near Florence, who was the first European to enter New York Bay. He was employed by Francis I of France of Valois dynasty to find a route to China and claim new lands for France. However the river was first explored by Henry Hudson in 1607 after whom this river the Bay were named. He explored it for English Muscovy Company on the ship of the company named Hopewell. The target of this exploration was to find North East Passage through Arctic Ocean to Far East. When after two attempts, Hudson failed to discover the route to Far East, the English Muscovy Company withdrew its support to Hudson’s expeditions. On that, Hudson turned to Dutch East India Company which provided him the required finance. It was his third voyage in 1609 which was carried on the Ship Half Moon employed under the Dutch East India Company. On this basis of his exploration, the Dutch were able to colonies the Hudson Valley in seventeenth century.
In 1613 Adriaen Block came to the river for the Dutch company and camped at the present place of Manhattan city of New York. In 1624, The Dutch West India Company established the Colony of New Netherlands. New Amsterdam was established by the Dutch people as a trading port on the south end of Manhattan in 1625. In 1664, this colony was surrendered to English but soon regained. Finally, by the treaty of Westminster, the Dutch ceded this colony to the English.

Delaware:

It was Henry Hudson who had explored the Delaware River in 1609. In 1610 Samuel Argall entered the Delaware Bay and named the area after the governor of Virginia Lord De La Warr. In 1638, a group of Swedes established the first settlement called Fort Christina. Now the city of Wilmington stands there. This settlement was a joint venture of Dutch and Swedish people. It was promoted by King of Sweden Gustav II Adolph, when he had become interested in colonization. The Dutch people who had joined the venture, were the members of a defunct Dutch West India Company. The settlement was called New Sweden. As it fell near to New Netherlands which was the settlement of Dutch people on present day Manhattan, the governor Peter Stuyvesant occupied New Sweden in 1655. In 1664, England brought it under its control and kept it under New York. This area was settlement of Native Americans who called themselves as Leni-Lenape. The literal meaning of Leni-:Lenape is Original People. They belonged to Algonquian linguistic group. They were highly respected by the associated Native Americans of the surrounding areas and called them grandfather.

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