Wednesday, August 15, 2018
MODERN INDIA POLITICAL PROCESSES HISTORIOGRAPHY
Modern Indian Political Process:
ਇਤਿਹਾਸ ਲੇਖਾਂਤ ਦੇ ਪ੍ਰਸ਼ਨ ਤੇ ਲੇਖ pdf file ਦੇ ਰੂਪ ਵਿਚ ਨਥਿ ਹੈ | ਇਹ 20/08 ਤਕ ਹੈ | ਉਸ ਦੇ ਬਾਦ ਹਟਾ ਦਿਤਾ ਜਾਵੇਗਾ|
ਲੇਖ ਲਾਣ ਲਈ ਇਥੇ ਕਲਿੱਕ ਕਰੋ |
ਇਤਿਹਾਸ ਲੇਖਾਂਤ ਦੇ ਪ੍ਰਸ਼ਨ ਤੇ ਲੇਖ pdf file ਦੇ ਰੂਪ ਵਿਚ ਨਥਿ ਹੈ | ਇਹ 20/08 ਤਕ ਹੈ | ਉਸ ਦੇ ਬਾਦ ਹਟਾ ਦਿਤਾ ਜਾਵੇਗਾ|
ਲੇਖ ਲਾਣ ਲਈ ਇਥੇ ਕਲਿੱਕ ਕਰੋ |
Monday, July 23, 2018
Act of Better Government of India 1858
Act of Better Government of India 1858
Questions
Q. What were the main features of the Government of India Act 1858?
Q. What was the significance of Government of India Act 1858 in the development of Indian Constitution later?
Answer:
Introduction
Circumstances Responsible for the Transfer of Power by the Enactment of the Government of India Act 1858
1. Company's Rule- An Anomaly and Distortion under the Legal patronage of the Parliament
2. Company as a Commercial Corporation exercised the political role without ministerial responsibilities:
3. The British Investors needed a state assurance and security from the British Government:
4. Dual Government over India was a hindrance:
5. Uprising of 1857:
6. Grand Petition of the Company against its annihilation:
7. Grand Petition Turned Down by Counter Arguments in Parliament:
The Bill of Edward Smith-Stanley
Main Provisions of the Government of India Act 1858
Changes in the Home Government in Britain.
Changes in Indian Administration:
Significance of the Government of India Act 1858.
1. An Epoch-making Document in Constitutional Development:
2. The Act abolished the notorious Dual Government:
3. Direct and Closer Control
4. The Creation of the office of the Secretary of State for India was a new development.
5. The Council of the Secretary of State for India was another significant development.
6. It encouraged the development of bureaucratic nature of the Indian administration.
7. Salary of Secretary of State paid out of Indian Revenue was business accountancy with a vengeance.
8. A New Bond developed between the Indian Princes and the Crown.
9. The People of India were won over.
A detailed answer to the questions is available on as per the answer structure provided above in PDF format. The answer is picked out the book written by the blogger. The URL can be accessed by clicking HERE.
For PDF download, click HERE.
यही उत्तर हिंदी में प्राप्त करने के लिए यहाँ पर दबाएं |
हिंदी का उत्तर हिंदी भाषा में प्रकाशित ब्लॉगर की पुस्तक से लिया गया है | पुस्तक का URL आगे दिया गया है |
हिंदी में भारत के संविधान का इतिहास पुस्तक देखने के लिए यहां पर दबाएं |
Sunday, July 22, 2018
The Regulating Act of 1773
Regulating Act of 1773
Questions:
Q. What were the causes that moved the British Parliament to legislate the Regulating Act of 1773 for India? What were its main features?
Q. What was the significance of the Regulating Act of 1773?
Q. What were the major shortcomings of the Regulating Act of 1773 and how was it removed?
Q. What were the main features of the Supplementary Act of 1781 and why was it framed?
Answer Structure:
Introduction
Circumstances leading to the Enactment of the Regulating Act
1. Company's Territorial Sovereignty and Constitutional Anamoly
2. A Commercial Corporation Became a Sovereign
3. Dual government and Confusion
4. Company Servants turned English Nabobs
5. Administrative Setup of the Company in England
6. Financial Difficulties of the Company
7. Privilege of the Company and Public Opinion
8. Enquiry by the Parliament Committees
Main Provisions of the Act
A. Changes in the constitution of the Company in England:
B. Company's Central Government in India
C. Presidency Governments of the Company
D. Supreme Court in Bengal
E. Reforms in Civil Services
Merits, Demerits and Significance of the Regulating Act
The Amending Act 1781 – A Supplement to Regulating Act
A detailed answer to the questions is available on as per the answer structure provided above in PDF format. The answer is picked out the book written by the blogger. The URL can be accessed by clicking HERE.
For PDF download, click HERE.
यही उत्तर हिंदी में प्राप्त करने के लिए यहाँ पर दबाएं |
हिंदी का उत्तर हिंदी भाषा में प्रकाशित ब्लॉगर की पुस्तक से लिया गया है | पुस्तक का URL आगे दिया गया है |
हिंदी में भारत के संविधान का इतिहास पुस्तक देखने के लिए यहां दबाएं |
Tuesday, June 05, 2018
History of Constitution of India: Charter Acts and Company Rule in India 1773-1858
The book is free to download until 8 June 2018.
The book is written by Sumir Sharma to fulfil the requirements of the students of the Post Graduate course in History of Punjab University. It meets the need of the Paper HIS 213: Constitutional Development in Modern India 1773 – 1947 Unit I and Paper HIS 211: Modern India Political Process, Unit III.
The content of the book is also relevant to the students of Indian Polity and Indian Constitution pursuing the course of Post Graduate in Political Science. It is also suitable for the students of Law course.
The content of the book is equally relevant to General Studies Main paper II. The content provides material for the first section which reads, “Indian Constitution – historical underpinnings, evolution …”
The book is also relevant for undergraduate classes honours course.
It has eight chapters and two Appendix. They are as follows.
Chapter 1: The Brief History of the East India Company.
Chapter 2: The Regulating Act, 1773
Chapter 3: Pitt’s India Act, 1784
Chapter 4: Charter Act, 1793
Chapter 5: Charter Act, 1813
Chapter 6: Charter Act, 1833
Chapter 7: Charter Act, 1853
Chapter 8: Act of Better Government of India 1858
There are two Appendix. In Appendix I, there is an essay on the sources which are used for writing the contents of this book. In Appendix II, the suggestions are provided to make the book more interactive.
The book is developed as a textbook. It is written in a narrative style. On every topic, the content is written in point format. For the point format, it is meant that every paragraph explains its main heading. The paragraph is given a title or a number. It helps in writing the answers in the examination. The purpose is that the readers and the students can quickly develop an answer to any question on the topics explained in the book.
The book explains the Charter Acts as the historical background of the History of the Constitution of India. It is evident that my next volume will be on the legislation during the Crown rule in India. I will soon publish the relevant next volume. I am presently working on that volume.
To make this book interactive, I am going to reproduce some of part of this book on my blog at undergraduatehistory.blogspot.in. I will attend to their queries related to the content of the book. I am ready to provide pdf copies of individual chapters to any reader free of cost who may require it for printing purpose. The relevant instructions are given in Appendix II.
I will also write the Hindi version of this volume and release it in June 2018. The free download of that book will also be made available for five days. Keep in touch. To remain updated, subscribe to this blog. Check for subscription in the sidebar.
Monday, September 25, 2017
Government of India Act, August 1858.
Name of the Act:
Act For The Better Government Of India,
August 1858
Name of the Paper: Constitutional
Development of in Modern India 1773 – 1947.
Code of the Paper: HIS – 213 Group
IV, Paper IV
Semester: III
Class: M.A. II
Reference:
UNIT I
Constitutional Development during East
India Company's rule; Government of India Act 1858, Significance of
Queen's Victoria's Declaration, Indian Councils Act.
The Question and Answer refers to
Government of India Act 1858.
Question:
What were the causes of enacting the
Act of 1858? What were its main provisions? What was its
significance?
How was the rule over India by the East
India Company transferred to the Crown? What was its constitutional
significance?
Answer: Click HERE for the Answer inHindi in a PDF format. It is a handwritten note.
In case of any clarification, kindly use the comment section. My students may take up the issue during the lecture session itself.
Saturday, February 25, 2017
Historic Fact (Based on E. H. Carr and B. Sheik Ali)
Historian and Facts
How does a Historian deal with historic facts?
The Historian and the facts of history are necessary to one another. Discuss.
Answer:
The answer is based on the contents of the book "What is History?", book by B. Sheik Ali and the personal notes.
Definition of Historic Fact
कोई भी इतिहासिक तथ्य तब मान्य होता है जब एक इतिहासकार उसे अपनी interpertation में प्रयोग करता है । कोई भी घटना इतिहासिक तब बनती है जब वह किसी इतिहासिक प्रश्न के उत्तर में प्रियोग होती है ।
Availability of Historic Fact:
इतिहासिक स्त्रोत मुख्यतः लिखित दस्तावेजों के रूप में होतें हैं । खण्डर, सिक्के, शिलालेख आदि भी इतिहासिक तथ्यों के माध्यम होतें हैं । जब एक इतिहासकार उन का प्रयोग इतिहास बताने में करता है तो वह इतिहासिक तथ्य बन जातें हैं ।
Historian of Ancient period and Medieval Period and their facts:
प्राचीन एवं मध्यकालीन इतिहासकार के लिए तथ्यों को निष्चित करना इस लिए आसान हो जाता है क्यों कि बहुत से तथ्य उस के लिए पहले से चुने जा चुके होतें हैं । जिन तथ्यों के संभंध में कोइ दस्तावेज बना कर नहीं रखे गए हैं उन के संभंध में इतिहास नहीं लिखा जा सकता। दस्तावेज नहीं तो तथ्य नहीं , तथ्य नहीं तो इतिहास नहीं । जब तक किन्ही और स्त्रोतों से तथ्य नहीं प्राप्त होते उस काल के संभंध में नया कुछ भी नहीं लिखा जा सकता । केवल नई व्यख्या दी जाती है ।
Historic Facts and Modern Historians:
आधुनिक इतिहासकार के लिये इतिहास लेखन का कार्य जटिल कार्य है। पहले तो उस के पास बहुत से तथ्य होते हैं । उसे दिए गये तथ्यों में से अपने प्रश्नों के अनुसार तथ्यों का चुनाव करना होता है और फिर उन इतिहासिक तथ्यों को इतिहासिक जगत में मान्यता प्राप्त करवानी होती है ।
How does a Historian deal with historic facts?
The Historian and the facts of history are necessary to one another. Discuss.
Answer:
The answer is based on the contents of the book "What is History?", book by B. Sheik Ali and the personal notes.
Definition of Historic Fact
कोई भी इतिहासिक तथ्य तब मान्य होता है जब एक इतिहासकार उसे अपनी interpertation में प्रयोग करता है । कोई भी घटना इतिहासिक तब बनती है जब वह किसी इतिहासिक प्रश्न के उत्तर में प्रियोग होती है ।
Availability of Historic Fact:
इतिहासिक स्त्रोत मुख्यतः लिखित दस्तावेजों के रूप में होतें हैं । खण्डर, सिक्के, शिलालेख आदि भी इतिहासिक तथ्यों के माध्यम होतें हैं । जब एक इतिहासकार उन का प्रयोग इतिहास बताने में करता है तो वह इतिहासिक तथ्य बन जातें हैं ।
Historian of Ancient period and Medieval Period and their facts:
प्राचीन एवं मध्यकालीन इतिहासकार के लिए तथ्यों को निष्चित करना इस लिए आसान हो जाता है क्यों कि बहुत से तथ्य उस के लिए पहले से चुने जा चुके होतें हैं । जिन तथ्यों के संभंध में कोइ दस्तावेज बना कर नहीं रखे गए हैं उन के संभंध में इतिहास नहीं लिखा जा सकता। दस्तावेज नहीं तो तथ्य नहीं , तथ्य नहीं तो इतिहास नहीं । जब तक किन्ही और स्त्रोतों से तथ्य नहीं प्राप्त होते उस काल के संभंध में नया कुछ भी नहीं लिखा जा सकता । केवल नई व्यख्या दी जाती है ।
Historic Facts and Modern Historians:
आधुनिक इतिहासकार के लिये इतिहास लेखन का कार्य जटिल कार्य है। पहले तो उस के पास बहुत से तथ्य होते हैं । उसे दिए गये तथ्यों में से अपने प्रश्नों के अनुसार तथ्यों का चुनाव करना होता है और फिर उन इतिहासिक तथ्यों को इतिहासिक जगत में मान्यता प्राप्त करवानी होती है ।
Saturday, October 15, 2016
Modern India Historiography: Influence of factors during British Rule: Question Answer Hindi PDF
Reference: HIS 211: Modern India: Political Processes: Punjab University Chandigarh.
Unit I
Historiography on the modern Indian State: approaches and interpretation: Colonialist, Nationalist, Marxist, Subaltern, Gandhian:
Question: Study the influence of various factors and features on the Modern India Historiography.
Study those factors which influenced the development of Modern India Historiography during the British Rule:
Answer: Click Here for PDF Hindi Answer.
Monday, August 10, 2015
Queen's Proclamation 1858
Queen's Proclamation Queen's Proclamation was issued on November 1, 1858 by Count Canning at Allahabad Darbar.
The Hindi Content can be accessed HERE.
Image of Queen Victoria on Left. Image of Viscount Canning on right.
Acknowledgement:
The images have been borrowed from Wikipedia. The copyright of the image is with the Wikipedia.
Tuesday, August 04, 2015
Transfer of Power Act 1858
Transfer of Power Act 1858
Date of Promulgation: August 2, 1858
Paper: HIS 213
Main Questions:
Q.Trace the circumstances which contributed to passing of the Act of A. D. 1858 and also write its main provisions.
Q. Trace the defects of the Transfer of Power Act 1858.
Q. What were the main provisions of Government of India Act 1858? What was its significance?
Additional Sources: Complete Act Check Here for a PDF copy.
Date of Promulgation: August 2, 1858
Paper: HIS 213
Main Questions:
Q.Trace the circumstances which contributed to passing of the Act of A. D. 1858 and also write its main provisions.
Q. Trace the defects of the Transfer of Power Act 1858.
Q. What were the main provisions of Government of India Act 1858? What was its significance?
Additional Sources: Complete Act Check Here for a PDF copy.
Tuesday, May 05, 2015
New Deal Notes HIS 412
NEW DEAL Questions:
1. The New Deal neither cured the Depression or rescued the nation from suffering but communicated human concern and promoted "People's Capitalism". Explain. Sept 2001
2. Evaluate Roosevelt's New Deal Policies and its impact On American economy and society. April 2007
3. Examine the Good Neighbourhood Policy of Roosevelt during the New Deal Period. Sept 2007
4. Evaluate impact of Roosevelt's New Deal policies on American economy and society. April 2006
5. What was the difference in Hoover and Roosevelt's respond to the crisis created by the Great Depression ? Discuss. Sept 2006
6. How did New Deal contribute towards the expansion of Progressive ideology? April 2000.
The above question is meant for Paper HIS 412, Unit III, Year 2015 (till further revision)
-------------------------------
Answer: Copy of the answer in pdf format derived from wikipedia CLICK HERE.
GUIDANCE:
The note is in English. Kindly check the following headings in the note.
Point no 12: New Deal Programme. You can see they are merely the name of various economic programmes which must appear in your answer while defining the contents of the New Deal.
Then look at point no 8. It reads Historiography and evaluation of New Deal Policies. The harmful and Benefits are the merits and demerits. They should be included in the answers to the most of the questions framed above. The merits and demerits are conclusion.
Wednesday, October 08, 2014
MA Semster I, HIS 211 Model Test Paper
Down load a model test paper for HIS 211, Modern India: Political Process by CLICKING HERE. The content is hand written. It is in English, Hindi and Punjabi. Keep checking new post for more contents. The present contents were prepared in December 2013.
Suggested Books in English and Hindi:
Suggested Books in English and Hindi for HIS 211
Books by B. L. Grover:
A New Look at Modern Indian History: Form 1707 To The Modern Times
Adhunik Bharat Ka Itihas
Sunday, September 14, 2014
Syllabus MA History Semester System 2014-15 PU Chandigarh
Download HERE (access the copy by clicking here) the syllabus of MA History both I and II year, all semester. The syllabus is meant for the final papers to be held in month of December 2014 and May 2015 under Semester System.
Acknowledgement and Intellectual Property Right:
The copy is acquired from the Punjab University Chandigarh site at www.puchd.ac.in. The contents of the copy as made available is property of Punjab University Chandigarh. It is here copied only for the students of the Arya College Ludhiana as a part of additional resource made available at one place.
Friday, September 12, 2014
Three Stages of Colonialism : HIS 412
Describe the three stages of Colonialism.
Answer: Click Here.
Acknowledgement: The copy in the link is from the IGNOU website.
Answer: Click Here.
Acknowledgement: The copy in the link is from the IGNOU website.
Sunday, January 26, 2014
Historiography of Colonialism
It is meant for the students of Punjab University MA Course Paper Rise and Growth of Colonialism.
Book used: Essays on Colonialism by Bipin Chandra and Economic History of India by Tomilson (A large part of the contents are from Tomilson.)
English version can be generated by using google translate. You may contact me for clarification or elaboration or reformatting of the content by leaving your email address in the comment section.
उपनिवेशवाद का इतिहास लेखन
परिभाषा : उपनिवेशवाद एवम सम्राज्यवाद
उपनेवाशवाद एक इतिहासिक गतिविधि' है जिस के अधीन एक देश दूसरे देश कि भूमी पर जा कर राजनीतिक अधिकार स्थापित करता है II इस गतिविधि के अधीन उपनिवेष के भूमिखण्ड के निवासिओं की आर्थिक गतिविधि को अपने देश की आर्थिक गतिविधि के लिए प्रियोग करता है - 'dependency' बना देता है I
बहुत से विद्वानो द्वारा उपनिवेश एंव साम्राज्यवाद धारणा को समानार्थक शब्दों की तरह प्रयोग किया गया है I सम्राज्यवाद के संबन्ध में भी एक राष्ट्र का दूसरे राष्ट्र या देश पर सैनिक, आर्थिक एवम राजनेतिक अधिपत्य देखने को मिलता मिलता है I
विभिन्न विद्वानो क़ी चर्चा से यह स्पष्ठ होता है कि उपनिवेशवाद एवं साम्राज्यवाद, धारणाओं (कॉन्सेप्ट्स) के रूप में भिन्नता रखते हैं I उपनिवेशवाद को दार्शनिक एक इतिहासिक गतिविधि बतलातें हैं - एक 'प्रैक्टिस', एक 'एक्टिविटी' या एक "डेवलपमेंट'I उनमें यह मत है कि उपनिवेशवाद
In order to get the complete note kindly CLICK HERE. A pdf file of handwritten note will be downloaded on your system.The language used is Hindi. I have taken every care to use the contents of the established authorities. I have not given any of my version. The contents are written as I have understood. If there is some contention, you me email me or put the comment in the comment box.
In order to get the complete note kindly CLICK HERE. A pdf file of handwritten note will be downloaded on your system.The language used is Hindi. I have taken every care to use the contents of the established authorities. I have not given any of my version. The contents are written as I have understood. If there is some contention, you me email me or put the comment in the comment box.
Additional Link:
Colonialism
Tuesday, November 17, 2009
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA )
Tennessee Valley Authority was established under the New Deal economic policies during the first tenure of Roosevelt. It was federally owned corporation. It was aimed at providing electricity through hydro power plants. Apart from that, it was aimed at controlling floods, navigation and producing fertilizer. The Tennessee Valley economy was in a miserable condition. Therefore, the TVA was aimed at improving the economy of that region. It covered Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Kentucky and some parts of Georgia, North Carolina and Virginia. It aimed at involving the community people in spreading the knowledge of use of new seeds and fertilizer. The people was involved in its administration and locally recruited. It was owned by the Federal government but the people of region had major say in its administration. It provided electricity at a cheaper rate as compared to privately owned electrical power generation companies which dominated the electricity generation in America. It encouraged industry around its region and thus the economy of Tennessee and regions around it improved.
On the whole, it is considered to be one of the successful activity of New Deal economic policies. Secondly, it represented the shift in the mindset of the American government towards the social and economic policies. Earlier American themselves did not like that American Federal government should interfere. Similar, America did not desire that in hard times people should look towards government to improve their economic condition. However, in TVA the Federal government took the responsibility of improving the economy of the region.
In success of TVA became a role model for the future economic development in which Federal government backed the financing. However, the success of TVA was not repeated. It is still in existence in America.
Subject to Editing
New Frontier
The term New Frontier was coined by John F Kennedy. He used this term in a message at the time of his nomination to the presidential candidature by the Democratic party.
He spoke, “We stand at the edge of a New Frontier—the frontier of unfulfilled hopes and dreams, a frontier of unknown opportunities and beliefs in peril. Beyond that frontier are uncharted areas of science and space, unsolved problems of peace and war, unconquered problems of ignorance and prejudice, unanswered questions of poverty and surplus.”
He spoke to encourage his countrymen. At that time there was sense of anxiety due to increase in competition during the Cold War.
When Kennedy became the President he adopted number of measures to face the Cold War situation. In the field of economy, by the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, the President was given power to negotiate on tariff issues with the European Market. With the Fair Labour Standard Act 1961, the daily wages of the workers in retail sector was increased. Under Omnibus Housing Bill 1961, economy was revitalized by providing affordable housing and increased housing construction. Under Manpower Development and Training Act of 1962, the training was financed for the unemployed who had been displaced by introduction of new technologies. In order to given equal status to the Women in education and work places Kennedy signed Equal Pay Act in 1963. IN the field of Defense, Kennedy allowed development of troops in counterinsurgency, tackle spread of communist forces, increase nuclear arms development etc. He tackled Cuban Missile crisis, Laos, Vietnam and Bay of Pigs invasion though such measures faced lot of criticism.
In the above manner, the spirit of New Frontier message was translated into such actions which faced new field of crisis, new frontiers of science and space, the frontiers of peace and war, the frontiers of poverty and surplus and reinstated the confidence of the American nation.
Sunday, November 15, 2009
Marshall Plan-European Recovery Programme (ERP)
Marshall Plan
European Recovery Programme (ERP)
In his speech on June 5, 1947, the Secretary of State of America, George Marshall told the audience of Harvard University that in Europe “United States should assist in the return of normal economic health in the world.”
He further said that the policy of America was “against hunger, poverty, desperation and chaos. Any government that is willing to assist in recovery will find full co-operation on the part of the U.S.A. ”
He then assured that it would be the policy of the American government to assist the European countries in recovery of their economy in manner that a political and social conditions could develop in which the free institutions would exist. He told that they would not cooperate with such governments and parties (reference to communist parties and countries) which did not allow the development of free institutions (for him, the development of democracies.) He further told that the European governments would have to develop a consensus about the role and part they would play in recovery of their economies and the political institutions they would work through. He insisted that the economic designs would not be planned by the American government but the European governments would themselves decide upon the model to be adopted. In other words, he suggested that they would have to develop a critical view the communist form of economic model. He said, “The initiative must come from Europe.”
The government of United States of America then participated in the recovery of the economies of the European governments for next four years and that cooperation or the contribution in form of financial and technical support was called European Recovery Programme.
The American government evaluated that if the European governments did not improve in European economies, then they could not continue to buy from America for long. It would not be in benefit of American economy. Then, with shattered economies they could fall in the camp of Communist USSR. Therefore, for the benefit of the American economy and to stop the spread of Communism in the world, America came up with European Recovery Programme.
Resources:
http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=11068733&postID=7750181028081856792
Hindi Version
अमेरिका के जोर्ज मार्शल ने जून ५, १९४७, हारवर्ड विश्वविद्याला में अपने भाषण में कहा कि विश्व की आर्थिक स्थिथि को सुधारने के लिए अमेरिका सहयोग करने के लिए तैयार है. उसने कहा कि अमेरिका भुखमरी, गरीबी, हताशा एंव आराजकता का अन्त चाहता है. इस लिए कोई भी सरकार जो अपनी आर्थिक स्थिथि को सुधारना चाहे अमेरिका उसे सहजोग देगा.
अनुवाद अभी जारी है
Friday, November 13, 2009
Truman Doctrine
President Harry S. Truman of America gave the outline of a Doctrine in his speech to the Joint Session of Congress on March 12, 1947, which is partly reproduced as below. It is called the Truman Doctrine.
"I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. (Containment of Communism)
I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. (promote Democracy)
I believe that our help should be primarily through economic and financial aid which is essential to economic stability and orderly political processes." (Financial Help)
From above, it can be said that Truman Doctrine was a policy of containment, promotion of democratic government and institution in world and financial help to those countries who faced the possibility of coming under communist ideology.
It was a first set of measures in a series of measures adopted by the United States of America in Post World War II period to contain the spread of communaism which is also known as the containment policy of the United States of America.
The America adopted this policy when Greece approached America for financial assisstance to rebulit her economy which had suffered during the World War II. Earlier Britain had given assistance. But Britian withdrew gradually. Simultaneously, Greece faced the rise of communist violence in the country. Similar situation was emerging in Turkey.
Under the Truman Doctrine America gave financial assistance of 400 million dollars to Greece as well training to technicians and professionals from Greeces upto 1948.
It was part of two sided policy containment adopted at the beigning Cold War. The second side was direct financial support to the European countries under Marshall Plan. Truman Doctrine was considered as a tougher side of the policy.
Reference Source: http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/trudoc.asp
Note: The note is yet to be finalized.
Wednesday, November 11, 2009
Ku Klux Klan
As per Stanley H. Horn, in his book, The Invisible Empire: The story of Ku Klux Klan, the group called Ku Klux Klan was organized by the members of Confederate army in Pulaski in Tennessee after the American Civil War had ended. As per the present US government classification, they are termed as a hate group. The organization adopted the aim of protecting the rights and interests of White population in South States during the post Civil War period. They adopted the means of violence, murder and intimidation of African Americans and White Republicans (Carpetbaggers). Their aim was regain the control for White people over the South states. They wore long white robes, covered their heads with conical hats and hid their faces under masks. The Federal government passed Force Acts in 1870 and 1871 to prosecute the members of Ku Klux Klan for committing murders and other crimes of violence. They were suppressed. However, they again resurfaced and managed to help the white democrats to regain the political control over the South states.
In 1920s, a fresh organization with the same name and similar dress code resurfaced. They aimed at promoting the interests of White population. After Great Depression and then in post World War II period, their influence decreased. However, they are believed to be still popular among a section of white population in United States of America.
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